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,e;jg; gf;fj;ij ez;gh;fSf;F mDg;g ,q;Nf fpspf; nra;aTk;

Kd;Diu

Nehd;ig njhlq;Fk; Kfkhf gpd;dputpy;> g[;h; Neuk; Muk;gkhFk; Kd;G czT cl;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F ]`h; vd;W ngah;. ,J njhlh;ghf Vuhskhd nra;jpfs; Fh;Md; `jP];fspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. K];ypk;fs; mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

1. ]`h; nra;tjd; rpwg;G:

'ePq;fs; ]`h; nra;Aq;fs;! Vnddpy; ]`h; nra;tjpy; guf;fj; ,Uf;fpd;wJ" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpajhf md]; gpd; khypf; (uyp) mth;fs; mwptpf;fpwhh;fs;. (E}w;fs;: Gfhhp 1923> K];ypk; 2000> e]aP 2166> jph;kpjp 642)

egp (]y;) mth;fs; ]`h; nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ egpj;Njhoh; xUth; te;jhh;> ']`h; czT cz;gJ my;yh`; cq;fSf;F mspj;j mUshFk;. mij tpl;L tplhjPh;fs;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;;. (mwptpg;ghsh;: mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; my;`hhp]; (uyp)> E}y;: e]aP 2164)

'ekJ Nehd;Gf;Fk; NtjKilNahhpd; Nehd;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa ]`h; cz;gNj tpj;jpahrkhFk;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: mk;h; gpd; my;M]; (uyp)> E}w;fs;: K];ypk; 2001> e]aP 2168> jph;kpjp 643)

']`h; nra;tjpy; guf;fj; ,Uf;fpwJ> vdNt mij tpl;L tplhjPh;fs;> xU kplU jz;zPiuahtJ FbAq;fs;> epr;rakhf ]`h; czT cz;gth;fs; kPJ my;yh`; mUs; Ghpfpwhd;> thdth;fs; mth;fSf;fhf gpuhh;j;jid nra;fpwhh;fs;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;;. (mwptpg;gth;: mG+]aPJ my;Fj;hP (uyp)> E}y;: m`;kJ)

]`hpd; rpwg;Gfs;: 1.guf;fj; 2.]`h; ekf;F kl;Lk; chpaJ 3.my;yh`;tpd; mUs; 4.thdth;fspd; JM.

2. ]`h; Neuk;:

'g[;h; vDk; nts;is E}y; fUg;G E}ypypUe;J cq;fSf;F njspthFk; tiu ePq;fs; cz;Zq;fs;! gUFq;fs;!" (my;Fh;Md; 2:187)

'nts;is E}y; fUg;G E}ypypUe;J cq;fSf;F njspthFk; tiu ePq;fs; cz;Zq;fs;! gUFq;fs;!" (2:187) vd;w jpUf;Fh;Md; trdj;jpd; nghUshtJ> ,utpd; fUikAk; tpbaypd; ntz;ikAk; jhd;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: mjP gpd; `hjpk; (uyp)> E}w;fs;: Gfhhp 1916> e]aP 2171)

'ehq;fs; egp (]y;) mth;fSld; ]`h; nra;J tpl;L gpd;dh; (mth;fSld;) Rg;`{ njho Maj;jkhNthk;" vd;W i]j; gpd; ]hgpj; (uyp) $wpdhh;fs;. (]`h; Kbe;J Rg;`{tiu) vt;tsT Neuk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ehd; mth;fsplk; Nfl;Nld;. mjw;fth;fs; Ik;gJ trdq;fs; XJk; msT vd;W gjpyspj;jhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: md]; (uyp)> E}w;fs;: Gfhhp> K];ypk; 2002> jph;kpjp 699)

Nehd;gpd; Muk;g Neuk; g[;h; vd;gjhy; me;j Neuj;ij milAk; tiu ]`h; nra;ayhk;. me;j Neuj;jpw;Fk; Rg;`{njhOiff;Fk; ,ilNa Fh;Mdpd; Ik;gJ trdq;fis XJk; fhy msT vd;gijAk; ,uz;lhk; `jP]; tpsf;FfpwJ. Ik;gJ trdq;fis XJtjw;F Rkhh; gj;J epkplq;fshtJ MFk; vd;gij ,q;Nf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

3. ]`h; czT:

egp (]y;) mth;fs; ]`h; Neuj;jpy;> 'mdN]! ehd; Nehd;G ,Ug;gjw;F VNjDk; nfhLq;fs;" vd;W Nfl;lhh;fs;. gpyhy; (uyp) mth;fspd; ghq;Ff;Fg; gpwF ehd; NghPj;jk;goq;fisAk; xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; jz;zPUk; mth;fSf;F nfhLj;Njd;. 'mdN]! vd;NdhL czT mUe;j ahiuNaDk; ghUq;fNsd;;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; NkYk; $wpdhh;fs;. ehd; i[J gpd; jhgpj; (uyp) mth;fis $g;gpl;Nld;> mtUk; te;jhh;> ehd; ]tPf; vDk; NfhJikf; fQ;rpiaf; Fbj;J tpl;Nld;> mijf; nfhz;Nl Nehd;gpUe;J nfhs;fpNwd;" vd;whh;. egp (]y;) mth;fs;> 'ehDk; Nehd;gpUe;J nfhs;fpNwd;" vd;whh;fs;. vq;fNshL ]`h; nra;j gpwF ,uz;L uf;mj; njhOjhh;fs;> gpwF njhOiff;F nrd;W tpl;lhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: md]; (uyp)> E}y;: e]aP 2169)

md;iwa mNugpah;fspd; czT NghPj;jk; goq;fSk; ]tPf; vDk; NfhJikf; fQ;rpAk; vd;gij ,e;j `jP]; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;j czit cz;gjw;F gj;J epkplq;fs; vd;gJ mjpfNkahFk; vd;gij ,q;Nf ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. ]`Uf;fhd mwptpg;G:

egp (]y;) mth;fs;> gpyhy; (uyp)> mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; ck;kp kf;J}k; (uyp) Mfpa ,uz;L Kmj;jpd;fis epakdk; nra;jpUe;jhh;fs;. gpyhy; (uyp) mth;fs; ]`hpd; filrp Neuj;jpy; ghq;F nrhy;thh;. ,J g[;h; njhOiff;fhdJ my;y. kf;fs; ]`h; nra;tjw;fhd mwptpg;ghFk;. mjd; gpd;dh; g[;h; Neuk; te;jJk; mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; ck;kp kf;J}k; kw;nwhU ghq;F nrhy;thh;. ,J g[;h; njhOiff;fhd miog;ghFk;.

gpyhypd; ghq;F cq;fis ]`h; nra;tjpypUe;J jLf;fhJ. Vnddpy; mth; epd;W tzq;fpath; ,y;yk; jpUk;Gtjw;fhfTk;> cwq;Fgth; tpopg;gjw;fhfTNk ,utpy; ghq;F nrhy;thh;. egpnkhop. (mwptpg;gth;: ,g;D k];T+J (uyp)> E}w;fs;: Gfhhp> K];ypk; 1994> mG+jhT+J> e]aP 2172)

gpyhy; ,utpy; ghq;F nrhy;thh;. ,g;D ck;kp kf;J}k; ghq;F nrhy;tJ tiu ePq;fs; cz;Zq;fs;! gUFq;fs;! egpnkhop. (mwptpg;ghsh;fs;: Map\h (uyp)> ,g;D ckh; (uyp) E}w;fs;: Gfhhp 1918> K];ypk;> e]aP)

gy Ch;fspy; ]`Uf;fhf kf;fis vOg;Gtjw;fhf 'jg;];" vDk; nfhl;L mbj;Jf; nfhz;L xUth; tUtJ tof;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gy rkaq;fspy; eha; fbf;F mth; Mshf Neh;tijAk; mjdhy; me;j gFjpf;F mth; tUtij jtph;g;gijAk; ehk; mwpNthk;. Mdhy; egp (]y;) mth;fspd; eilKiwia gpd;gw;wpdhy; ,e;j rpf;fypy; ,Ue;J jtph;e;J nfhs;s ,aYk;. xU egptopia gpd;gw;wpa ed;ikAk; ekf;F cz;L. ,uz;L Kmj;jpd;fis epakpaj;J ,uz;L ghq;F nrhy;y itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. tpb ]`h;:

tpb ]`hpy; ,uz;L tif cz;L. xd;W Nehd;G Nehw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpYk;> ]`h; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpYk; gLf;iff;Fr; nry;Nthh; Neuj;ij jtw tpl;L tpl;L ]`h; Neuk; Kbe;j gpwF vOe;jpUg;gh;. ,th;fs; vJTk; rhg;gplhky; Nehd;igj; njhlh;th;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tpb ]`h; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; ,Ug;gth;fsplk; cs;sJ.

,th;fsJ Nehd;G $b tpLk;> Mdhy; ,th;fs; ]`hpd; ghf;fpaj;ij ,oe;J tpl;lhh;fs;.

kw;nwhd;W ]`h; Neuk; Kbe;j gpwF vOe;J rhg;gpl;L tpl;L Nehd;G ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tpb ]`h; ,d;Dk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; ,g;gth;fsplk; cs;sJ.

,th;fsJ Nehd;G> Nehd;G MfhJ.

6. ]`iu jhkjpg;gJ:

Rg;`;f;Fhpa ghq;Ff;F neUf;fj;jpy; Rkhh; gj;J epkplq;fSf;F Kd;gpypUe;J ]`h; nra;tJ egptop vd;gij ,e;j `jP]pypUe;J tpsq;f KbfpwJ.

7. ]`iu tuNtw;gJ

ukshd; khjj;jpy; egp (]y;) mth;fs;> 'mUs; epiwe;j ]`;Nu tUf! tUf!" vd;W tuNtw;ghh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: my;,h;ghy; gpd; rhhpah (uyp)> E}y;: e]aP 2165)

8. gpuj;jpNaf ]`h;

]`h; nra;ahkYk; Nehd;G jpwf;fhkYk; ePq;fs; njhlh; Nehd;G Nehw;f Ntz;lhk; vd egp (]y;) mth;fs; (]`hghf;fis) jil nra;jhh;fs;. my;yh`;tpd; J}jNu! ePq;fs; mg;gb Nehd;G Nehw;fpd;wPh;fNs! vd;W Njhoh;fs; Nfl;lhh;fs;. ehd; cq;fisg; Nghd;wy;y. vdf;F Fbf;fTk;> czTk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpy mwptpg;gpy;> 'vdJ ,iwtd; vdf;F cztspf;fpd;whd;> NkYk; ghdKk; Gfl;Lfpd;whd;" vd egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. (E}y;: Gfhhp 1922> K];ypk; 2010)

9.re;Njfkhd g[;h;

'cq;fspy; xUth; ]`h; czT cz;gjpypUe;J gpyhypd; ghq;F Vkhw;wp (jLj;J) tpl Ntz;lhk;. ePsthf;fpy; (nrq;Fj;jhf) njd;gLk; ,e;j ntz;ikahdJ (mbthdpy;) gutyhfj; njhpAk; tiu mJTk; cq;fis Vkhw;wp (jLj;J) tpl Ntz;lhk;" vd;W egp (]y;) mth;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: rKuh gpd; [{d;Jg; (uyp)> K];ypk; 1996)

egp (]y;) mth;fs;> jkJ ifia fPNo jho;j;jp gpd;dh; NkNy cah;j;jpf; fhl;b> ,t;thW (fPo; Nkyhfr; nrq;Fj;jhf njhpAk; ntspr;rk; /g[;h;) my;y vd;W $wptpl;L> gpwF jk; if tpuy;fis tphpj;Jf; fhl;b ,t;thW (mbthdj;jpy; ehyhgf;fKk; gutyhfj; njhpAk; ntspr;rNk /g[;h; MFk;) vd;W $wpdhh;fs;. (mwptpg;gth;: mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; k];T+J (uyp)> K];ypk; 1994)

nrq;Fj;jhd fjph;fs; mbthdpy; ,Ug;gJ g[;hpd; milahsk; my;y vd;gJk; g[;hpd; Neuk; ntspr;rk; gutyhf njhpa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; egp (]y;) mth;fs; g[;h; Neuj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s fw;Wj; je;j KiwahFk;.

10. ]`hpy; epa;aj;

g[;h; Neuj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Nehd;G Nehw;fg; Nghtij KbT nra;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.

'g[;Uf;F Kd;G ahh; (Nehd;gpUf;f) KbT nra;atpy;iyNah mJ Nehd;G my;y" (mwptpg;gth;: `g;]h (uyp)> E}w;fs;: mG+jhT+J> m`;kJ> e]aP> jph;kpjp> ,g;Dkh[h)

Rd;dj;jhd Nehd;GfSf;F ,e;j epge;jid ,y;iy vd;gijAk;> tpbe;j gpwFk; $l Nehd;G ,Uf;fg; Nghtjhf egp (]y;) mth;fs; KbT nra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

KbTiu

]`Uf;F gy kzp Neuj;jpw;F Kd;Ng cztUe;jp tpl;L gLf;iff;Fr; nry;Nthh; rq;iff;Fhpa ]`iu ,oe;jNjhL rpy Ntis /g[;h; njhOifiaAk; ,oe;J tpLfpwhh;fs;. ]`h; nra;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Nthkhf!

,e;jg; gf;fj;ij ez;gh;fSf;F mDg;g ,q;Nf fpspf; nra;aTk;

,J Xh; (ITDC) ,];yhkpa jkpo; j/th FOtpd; ,izaj;jsk;