35 Nfs;tp : ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F vd;d? (mg;Jy;yh`; gp.vk; ah$ lhl; Nfh lhl; Ivd; nkapy; %ykhf)
tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs;
(,e;j fl;Liuapd; Mrphpah; K];ypkhf ,Ue;jhy; xU jiygl;rkhf K];ypk;fSf;F rhjfkhf vOjpapUf;fpwhh; vd;w vz;zk; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; ,e;j fl;Liuapd; Mrphpah; tp.vd;.rhkp vd;w K];ypky;yhjth;> ,th; vOjpa 'flw;Nghh;fs;" 'ghh;it tpQ;Qhdk;" ghpRfisg; ngw;w E}w;fshFk;. ,g;NghJ ,th; 'tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; ,];yhkpah;" vd;w E}iy vOjp tUfpwhh;. ,e;j fl;Liu 'xw;Wik" vd;w gj;jphpf;ifapy; ntspte;jjhFk;.)
,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;gJ xU tPu fhtpak;. ,e;jg; Nghhpy; vz;zw;wth;fs; rpiw nrd;wdh;. ,yl;rf;fzf;fhNdhh; jq;fs; ,d;Dapiuj; jpahfk; nra;jdh;. ,j;jpahf Nts;tpapy; <Lgl;lth;fspy; K];ypk;fspd; gq;F kfj;jhdJ. ,jid 1975k; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 27k; Njjp ntspahd ',y;y];bNul;ll; tPf;yp" vd;Dk; gj;jphpf;ifapy; mjd; Mrphpah; F\;te;j; rpq; gy Mjhuq;fSld; vLj;Jf; $wp cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
',e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfr; rpiw nrd;wth;fspYk; caph;j; jpahfk; nra;jth;fspYk; K];ypk;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSila kf;fs; njhif tpfpjhr;rhuj;ijtpl tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; caph; Jwe;j K];ypk;fspd; tpfpjhr;rhuk; mjpfk;" vd;W me;jg; gj;jphpf;ifapy; ntspahd fl;Liuapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
miyfly; mhpkh FQ;rhyp kiuf;fhah;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpd; Kd;Ndhbfshfj; jpfo;gth; xU K];ypk; jhd; vd;gij tuyhW vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. flw;Nghh; gy nra;j jkpo; kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Gfo;e;J ciuf;fpd;wd. mk;kd;dh;fisg; Nghd;W flw;Nghh; gy nra;jth; FQ;rhyp kiuf;fhah;. Mq;fpNyah; ek; ehl;il mbikg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; ,q;F te;J fhy;gjpj;j Nghh;r;RfPrpaiu tpul;babf;f flw;Nghh; gy nra;j FQ;rhyp kiuf;fhah; jhd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpd; Kd;Ndhb. flw;Nghhpy; rhfrq;fs; Ghpe;j ,e;j tPuj; jsgjpia ntw;wp nfhs;s Kbahj vjphpfs; eatQ;rfkhff; nfhd;wdh;.
thp ju kWj;j thpg;Gypfs;
,e;jpah 1947k; Mz;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ. Mdhy;> mjw;F Kd;dNu Rje;jpuk; ngw;W tpl;Nlhk; vd;W kpFe;j ek;gpf;ifAlDk;> cWjpAlDk; 'MLNthNk gs;S ghLNthNk> Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhk;" vd;W ghbdhh; kfhftp ghujpahh;. me;j msTf;F mtuJ kdjpy; ek;gpf;if tpijia tpijj;jJ `h[p \hpaj;Jy;yh 1781k; Mz;L njhlq;fpa nguh]p ,af;fKk; mjd; gpd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l t`hgp ,af;fKk; MFk; vd;W $wyhk;.
t`hgp ,af;fk; vd;W tuyhw;whrphpah;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; iraJ m`kJ vd;gth; Mthh;. gphpl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhfg; gy Nghuhl;lq;fis me;j t`hgp ,af;fk; elj;jpaJ. tq;fj;jpy; thp nfhlh ,af;fk; elj;jp ehbah khtl;lj;jpy; 24 gh;fdhf;fisg; gphpl;b\; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J> ,e;jpa kf;fs; Rje;jpur; Rthrpf;f toptFj;jJ. Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W jPh;f;f jhpjdj;Jld; mkuftp ghujp ghbajw;F ,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gpz;zdp jhd; fhuzk; vd;W cfpf;f KbfpwJ.
fjp fyf;fpa fhd; rh`pG
xU fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F Ntz;batuhf ,Ue;J> gpwF mth;fSf;F vjpuhf khwpath; fhd;rh`pg;. ,th; A+Rg;fhd;> ney;Y}h; RNgjhh;> K`k;kJ A+Rg;> Fk;ke;jhd;> fk;ke;jhd; rhfpG vd;W gy;NtW ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. A+Rg; fhd; rh`pG kJiuapy; Mq;fpNyahpd; nfhbiag; gPuq;fp thapy; itj;Jr; Rl;Lg; nghRf;fp tpl;L Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jth;. ,th; njhOif elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ nrhe;j ehl;Lj; JNuhfpfshy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhh;. Mq;fpNyah; mtiuj; J}f;fpypl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.
\h mg;Jy; m[P];
,e;jpahitr; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldk; nra;j ,];yhkpa tpLjiy tPuh;fspy; \h mg;Jy; m]P]; my; nj`;ytpAk; xUth;. gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; K];ypk;fSf;F NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; ,d;dy;fs; ,ioj;J tUtijf; fz;L Ntjidg;gl;l mth; ,e;jpahit 'jhUy; `h;g;" Mfg; gpufldk; nra;jhh;.
\h typAy;yh`;tpd; %j;j kfdhf 1746k; Mz;L nly;ypapy; gpwe;j nj`;ytp Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;f;f K];ypk;fSf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rpaspf;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUe;jhh;. mj;jpl;lk; epiwNtWtjw;F Kd;dNu fhykhfptpl;lhh;. ,th; $wpAs;s khh;f;fj; jPh;g;Gfs; 'gj;th" vDk; ngaUld; ,uz;L gFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd.
mQ;rhj Gyp i`jh; myp
18k; E}w;whz;by; rpwe;j jsgjpahfj; jpfo;e;jth; i`jh; myp. ,th; Mq;fpNyahpd; Mjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J elj;jpa Nghh; 'Kjyhk; ik#h; Nghh;" vdg;gLfpwJ. i`jh; mypapd; jhf;Fjiyr; rkhspf;f Kbahky; Mq;fpNyah; Njhw;W Xbdh;. Mdhy;> ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyah; #o;r;rp nra;J ,tiuj; Njhw;fbj;jdh;.
jPud; jpg;G Ry;jhd;
'ik#h; Gyp" jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; ngaiuf; Nfl;lhNy Mq;fpNyahpd; cly;fs; eLq;Fk;. ,th; i`jh; mypapd; kfdhthh;. ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghhpy; ,tuJ gq;F kfj;jhdJ. jd; je;ijapd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;> Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J ,th; Nghhpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
1790k; Mz;L Kjy; 1792k; Mz;L tiu eil ngw;w %d;whk; ik#h; Nghhpy; jpg;G Njhy;tpaile;jhh;. jq;fSf;F mlq;fp elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mq;fpNyah;fs; $wpa NghJ> jpg;G Ry;jhd; 'KbahJ" vd;W kWg;Gj; njhptpj;jhh;. kjpg;gpw;Fhpa ,e;j tPuUf;F xUtd; JNuhfk; nra;jhd;. mjd; fhuzkhf vjphpfspd; Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;Lf;F jpg;G Ry;jhd; ,iuahdhh;.
tq;fj;Jr; rpq;fq;fs;
tq;fhsj;jpy; 1776k; Mz;L Kjy; 10 Mz;Lfs; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf K];ypk; gf;fphpfs; elj;jpa Gul;rpahy; gphpl;b\; Ml;rp fjpfyq;fp tpl;lJ. ,e;jg; Gul;rpf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpa rpuhf; mypiag; gpbf;f Mq;fpNyah;fs; vt;tsNth Kaw;rpj;jdh;. jiykiwthd mtiu filrp tiu Mq;fpNyah;fshy; gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy.
njd;dhl;L Ntq;iffs;
njd;dfj;jpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;J Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rpahsh;fs; fpsh;r;rp nra;jdh;. 1800k; Mz;L ,f;fpsh;r;rpf;F Nfhitapy; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpath; K`k;kJ `rd;. X#hpy; jiyik tfpj;J elj;jpath; /gj;Nj`; K`k;kJ. Mq;fpNyag; gil K`k;kJ `ridf; ifJ nra;jJ. fpsh;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s Mq;fpNyah; mtiu rpj;utij nra;jdh;. Gul;rpahsh;fspd; jpl;lq;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj; njhpe;J tplf; $lhJ vd;W fUjpa K`k;kJ `rd; jd; Fuy;tisia mWj;Jf; nfhz;L ,e;jpaj; jhapd; tpLjiyf;Fj; jd; ,d;Dapiu mh;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
FlFg; gFjpapy; fpsh;r;rpf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;J elj;jpa kf;fhd; fhd;> kfG+g;jPd; MfpNahiu Mq;fpNyah;fs; ifJ nra;jdh;. kq;f@Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s vl;fhyp Fd;wpy; ,th;fs; ,UtUk; 1800k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 25k; Njjpad;W J}f;fpyplg; gl;ldh;.
K/g;jP ,dhaj; m`;kJ
Njb te;j Kd;rPg; gjtpia cjwpj; js;sp tpl;L ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lth; K/g;jP ,dhaj; m`;kJ. c.gp.apy; 1822k; Mz;L gpwe;j ,th; epfo;j;jpa jPg;nghwp gwf;Fk; nrhw;nghopTfs; kf;fSf;F tpLjiy czh;it Cl;bd. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j Mq;fpNya muR ,tiuf; ifJ nra;jJ. ,th; kPJ tof;F njhlug;gl;lJ. 'ePq;fs; Gul;rp nra;jJ cz;ikah?" vd;W ePjpgjp ,thplk; Nfl;lhh;.
'Mk;. mbik tpyq;if cilj;njwpag; Gul;rp nra;tJ vd;Dila flik vd;W czh;e;J nfhz;Nld;. Gul;rp nra;Njd;" vd;W K/g;jp ,dhaj; m`;kJ Jzpr;rYld; gjpyspj;jhh;. ,tUf;F ePjpkd;wk; MAs; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ.
md;Wk;... mNahj;jp mtyk;...
Njr tpLjiyf;fhf ehL KOtJk; Jwtpf; Nfhyj;jpy; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;J Gul;rpg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jth; nksytp m`;kj;Jy;yh`; \h kjuh]p. nrd;id ethgpd; topte;jtuhd ,th; fpof;F mNahj;jp vdg;gLk; igrhghj;jpd; mjpguhf ,Ue;jth;. ,tuJ Gul;rpg; gpur;rhuk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F Mj;jpu%l;baJ. ,tiuf; ifJ nra;J igrhghj; rpiwapy; milj;jdh;. Gul;rpahshh;fs; rpiwf; fjit cilj;J ,tiu kPl;L te;jdh;. ,tiu capUlNdh my;yJ gpzkhfNth xg;gilg;gtUf;F Ik;gjpdhapuk; &gha; ghpR toq;fg;gLk; vd;W Mq;fpNya muR mwptpj;jJ.
jiykiwthf ,Ue;j nksytp m`;kj;Jy;yh`; \h kjuh]p mNahj;jp kd;dd; tphpj;j tQ;rf tiyapy; rpf;fpdhh;. mtiuf; fhz ahidg; ghfdhf khW Ntlj;jpy; nrd;w NghJ> mNahj;jp kd;ddpd; jk;gp ghntd; vd;gtd; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whd;. 1858k; Mz;L [_d; khjk; 15k; Njjpad;W mtuJ jiyia mNahj;jp kd;dd; ntl;b Mq;fpNyahplk; nfhz;L Ngha;f; nfhLj;J Ik;gjpdhapuk; &gha; ghpir ngw;whd;.
Gije;J Nghd Gul;rp kyh;fs;
tl ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w rpg;gha;g; Gul;rpapd; NghJ `pA+tPyh; vd;Dk; Mq;fpNya mjpfhhp Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,g;Gul;rpapy; fye;J nfhz;l [hgh; myp vd;gth; jhd; mtiur; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh; vd;w jtwhd jtfy; Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfSf;Fj; jug;gl;lJ. [hgh; myp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. mtiu xU J}zpy; fl;b itj;J> rhl;ilahy; mbj;jdh;. mtuJ clypypUe;J frpe;j ,uj;jk; fPNo tphpf;fg;gl;bUe;j <ug;ghapy; rpe;jp ciwahky; <ukhf ,Ue;jJ. ghapy; rpe;jpa ,uj;jj;ij ehtpdhy; Rj;jg;gLj;Jk; gb [hgh; mypia rpj;utij nra;jdh;. ghia Rj;jk; nra;j NghJk; rhl;ilahy; mtiu mbj;jdh;. ,Wjpapy; [hgh; myp Mq;fpNyah;fshy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
1857k; Mz;L eilngw;w rpg;gha;g; Gul;rpapd; NghJ bl;L kph; kpahd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l kph; eprhh; myp t`hgpfis xd;W jpul;bf; fpsh;r;rpapy; <LgLj;jpdhh;. nfhy;fj;jh mUNf gy fpuhkq;fis Mq;fpNyahpd; mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;jhh;. gphpl;b\; jsgjp mnyf;rhz;lh; jiyikapy; ,uhZtk; te;J fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; kPJ jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jJ. ,jpy; 400 t`hgpah;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. fpsh;r;rpapd; Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;j u#y; vd;gth; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
md;Wk; xU nghNlh
,e;jpa kf;fis xLf;Ftjw;fhf Mq;fpNyah;fs; gy mlf;FKiwr; rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jdh;. mtw;Ws; kpff; nfhLikahdJ 'nusyl; rl;lk;". ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,e;jpahntq;Fk; ngUk; fpsh;r;rp %z;lJ. gQ;rhgpy; ,f;fpsh;r;rp kpfj; jPtpukhf eilngwf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; lhf;lh; irGjPd; fpr;RY. ,tiug; gphpl;b\; ,uhZtk; mkph;j]urpypUe;J 160 fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; ,Ue;j jh;krhyh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;wJ. ,jid mwpe;j kf;fs; nfhjpg;gile;jdh;. NghyP]; Miz Mizah; mYtyfj;jpw;F mth;fs; ngUe;jpushfr; nrd;wdh;. me;j kf;fs; kPJ ,uhZtj;jpdh; Jg;ghf;fpr; #L elj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j kf;fs; muR mYtyfq;fSf;Fs; GFe;J Nrjk; tpistpj;jdh;. ,jpy; uhgpd;rd;> rhh;[z;l; nusyz;l; vd;Dk; ,U Mq;fpNyah;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
mg;NghJ kf;fis mikjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j kf;G+y; kh%j; vd;Dk; tof;fwpQiug; NghyPrhh; ifJ nra;jdh;. uhgpd;rd;> nusyz;l; MfpNahiuf; nfhd;wth;fs; ahh; vd;W $Wk; gb mtiur; rpj;utij nra;jdh;. 'nfhiyahspfis vd;dhy; milahsk; fhl;l KbahJ" vd;W mth; vOjpf; nfhLj;jhh;. clNd NghyPrhNu rpy ngah;fis vOjp> mth;fs; Fw;wthspfs; vd;W thf;F%yk; jUkhW mtiu tw;GWj;jpdh;. 'vdf;F kdrhl;rp cz;L> ngha; nrhy;y khl;Nld;" vd;W mth; cWjpahff; $wptpl;lhh;. kd rhl;rpAld; ele;J nfhz;l mtuJ tf;fPy; rhd;wpjo; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jf; fytuj;jpd; NghJ <];ld; vd;Dk; Mq;fpyg; ngz;kzpiaj; jhf;f Kad;wjhf K`k;kJ mf;uk; vd;gth; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. cz;ikapy; mth; <];lidj; jhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgltpy;iy. Mdhy; tprhuizapy; mth; Fw;wthsp vd;W $wp kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lj;ij kPwp jz;bapy; cg;G ms;spa fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lijf; fz;bj;J kfhuh\;bu khepyj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhf nghJ NtiyepWj;jk; elj;jpath; mg;Jy; u#y; Fh;ghd; `{i]d;. mg;NghJ me;j khepyj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; fytuq;fs; ele;jd. ,f;fytuq;fisj; J}z;btpl;ljhf mg;Jy; u#y; Fh;ghd; `{i]d; kPJ tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;L> kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1931k; Mz;L [dthp khjk; 12k; Njjpad;W Vh;thlh rpiwapy; mth; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
fNfhhp uapy; nfhs;is tof;fpy; Gul;rp tPuh; m\;ghFy;yh`; fhd; kPJ tprhuiz eilngw;wJ. 'eP K];ypk;. kw;w Gul;rpf;fhuh;fs; ,e;Jf;fs;. mth;fisf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;jhy; cdf;F epge;jidaw;w tpLjiy fpilf;Fk;. Vuhskhd gzKk; jug;gLk;" vd;nwy;yhk; $wp nts;is mjpfhhpfs; Mir fhl;bdhh;fs;. ,e;j Mir thh;j;ijfisnay;yhk; Nfl;l m\;gFy;yh`; fhd; ghiwNghy; mirahky; epd;whh;. jq;fs; ghpj;jhSk; #o;r;rp gypf;fhky; NghfNt gphpl;b\hh; ,tUf;Fj; J}f;Fj; jz;lid nfhLj;jdh;. mth; J}f;fpy; Vw;wg;gl;l ehsd;W jpUf;Fh;Midf; fOj;jpNy njhq;fg; Nghl;lhh;. `h[pfisg; Nghd;W 'yg;igf; yg;igf;" vd;W $wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. jhNk RUf;Ff; fapw;iw vLj;Jf; fOj;jpNy khl;bf; nfhz;lhh;. m\;gFy;yh`; fhd; c.gp.apy; cs;s \h[`hd;G+hpy; gpwe;jth;.
K`k;kjyp> n\sfj; myp> mGy;fyhk; m]hj; MfpNahh; fhe;jpabfspd; MjuTld; Jtf;fpa fpyh/gj; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; jkpof K];ypk;fs; NguhjuT mspj;jdh;. fhapNj kpy;yj; K`k;kJ ,];khaPy; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf gzpahw;wpdhh;. Mq;fpy Ml;rpia vjph;j;J khzth;fs; fy;Y}hpfisAk; gbg;igAk; Jwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhe;jpabfspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W gp.V gbg;ig ,ilapy; epWj;jpdhh;. gpd;dh; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. fjh; kPJ kpFe;j mgpkhdk; nfhz;l ,th; jdJ jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ fuLKulhd fjh; Mil jhd; mzpe;jpUe;jhh;.
tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; <LgLtjw;fhf NghyP]; rg;-,d;];ngf;lh; Ntiyia cjwp vwpe;jth; - fk;gk; gPh;K`k;kJ ghtyh;. ,th; fjh; ,af;fj;jpd; jPtpuj; njhz;luhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. tpLjiy czh;itj; J}z;Lk; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;jjw;fhf ,th; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L mypg;G+h; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; Ngr Mq;fpNya muR ,tUf;Fj; jil tpjpj;jJ. mjdhy; ,th; thiaj; Jzpahy; fl;bf; nfhz;L NkilNawp iriffspd; %yk; Ngrp tuyhW gilj;jth;.
rpiyia cilj;j rPyh;
jkpo;ehl;by; fjh; ,af;fj;jpw;F mUe;njhz;L Ghpe;jth;fspy; fh[h kpahd; uhTj;jh;> 'Nkil Kjyhsp" vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gl;l K.e.mg;Jh;u`;khd; rhfpg;> Mj;J}h; my;yhkh mg;Jy; `kPJ ghftp MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fSf;F ,ytrkhf fjuhil toq;fpath; fh[h kpahd; uhTj;jh;. ngUkstpy; fjh;j;Jzp cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf fjh; Miy xd;iwNa mth; epWtpdhh;. 'Nkil Kjyhsp" mg;Jh;u`;khd; rhfpg; kf;fspilNa fjh; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;. kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf fjuhil toq;fpdhh;. fjh;j; Jzp jahhpf;f ,th; jdJ tPl;bNyNa jwp mikj;jhh;. gy tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W fjh; uhl;bdk; nfhLj;J> fjh; E}w;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhh;.
fjh; mzpahj K];ypk; kzkf;fspd; jpUkzq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;W mwptpj;jth; my;yhkh mg;Jy; `kPj; ghftp. ,th; jPtpu fjh; gf;juhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. ,th; gy Ch;fSf;Fr; nrd;W NkilNawp tpLjiyg; Nghh; KuR Koq;fpdhh;.
Mq;fpNya murpd; ,uhZtj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j ePy; vdg;gLk; ePrd; kpFe;j nfh^uf;fhud;. rpg;gha;f; fyfj;jpd; NghJ fz;zpy; gl;l ,e;jpah;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;wtd;. ,tDf;Fr; nrd;idapy; rpiy itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mr;rpiyiaj; jfh;f;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; 1927k; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; eil ngw;wJ. ,uhkehjGuk; K`k;kJ rhypah rpiyia rk;kl;bahy; mbj;J cilj;jhh;. ,tUf;F Kd;W khj fLq;fhty; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;idiar; Nrh;e;j mg;Jy; k[PJ> yj;jPg;> ,uhkehjGuk; k];jhd;> gz;Ul;b K`k;kJ cNrd; Kjypath;fs; rpiy cilg;Gg; Nghhpy; gq;F nfhz;L 6 khjk; Kjy; 2 tUlk; tiu fLq;fhty; jz;lid ngw;wdh;.
gpukpf;f itj;j ts;sy; `gPg;
Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]pd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fpof;fhrpahtpy; tho;e;j ,];yhkpah;fs; ngUk; gq;F nfhz;ldh;. kpahd;khpy; (md;iwa gh;kh) `gPg; ngUk; tzpfuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;.
ngUk; NfhB];tuh;. Nejh[p> kpahd;kh; nrd;w NghJ mth; jk; nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; ,e;jpa ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf mh;g;gzk; nra;jhh;. mijf; fz;L Nejh[p gpukpj;J tpl;lhh;. ,jd; gpd; fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nejh[p gazk; nra;j ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; `gPgpd; ts;sy; jd;ikiag; Gfo;e;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. 'ehl;ilg; gpbj;jpUf;Fk; gpzp ePq;f `gPg; kUe;J Njit" vd;W mth; Ngrpa $l;lq;fspy; vy;yhk; nrhy;yyhdhh;.
`gPGh; u`;khd;> \heth]; fhd;> fhPk; fdp> nksyhdh fyPYh;u`;khd;> K`;apj;jPd; gpr;ir Mfpa ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; Nej;jh[papd; cjtpahsh;fshf ,Ue;J mUk;gzpahw;wpdhh;fs;.
ngz; Nghuhspfs;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; ,];yhkpag; ngz;fSk; Mh;tj;Jld; gq;F nfhz;ldh;.
mNahj;jp kd;dh; t]Ph; myp\htplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyah; mNahj;jpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdh;. mg;NghJ kd;dhpd; kidtp Ngfk; `ruj; k`y; yf;Ndhtpy; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. mNahj;jpia Mq;fpNyah; ifg;gw;wpaij vjph;j;J kf;fisj; jpul;b mth; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. xd;gJ khj fhyk; Gul;rpahsh;fs; Ngfk; `ruj; k`y; jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyag; gilia vjph;j;Jg; Nghh; Ghpe;jdh;. ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNya ,uhZtj;jpd; if Xq;fpaJ. Ngfk; `ruj; k`y; jdJ kfd; gphp[p]; fhjpUld; Neghsj;jpw;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;whh;. Neghs vy;iyapy; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; mtUk; mtuJ kfDk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; kPJ Mq;fpNya muR 1922k; Mz;L uh[ epe;jid Fw;wk; rhl;b ifJ nra;jJ. mth; kPJ njhlug;gl;l tof;fpy; xU tUlf; fLq;fhty; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jz;lid gw;wp Mrhj;jpd; kidtp ]{iy`h Ngfk; fPo;f;fz;lthW fhe;jp[pf;F je;jp mDg;gpdhh;.
'vd; fzth; mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;jpw;f ePjp kd;wk; Xuhz;Lf; fLq;fhty; jz;lid tpjpj;Js;sJ. ,e;jj; jz;lid ehq;fs; vjph; ghh;j;jij tplf; FiwT. Njrj; njhz;Lf;F toq;fg;gLk; ghpR rpiwj; jz;lid vd;why; ,g;NghJ toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Xuhz;Lf; fLq;fhty; jz;lid kpfTk; mw;gkhd ghpR".
ntspehLfspy; jq;fpapUe;J ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F cioj;j ,];yhkpah;fs; gyh;.
gQ;rhgpy; gpwe;j cigJy;yh`; rpe;jp fhG+ypy; VO Mz;Lfs; jq;fp ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;. 1923k; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; kfh rigapd; xU fpisia ,th; fhG+ypy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. gpd;dh; JUf;fpapd; jiyefuhd Mq;fhuh nrd;W mq;F %d;W Mz;Lfs; jq;fp gphpl;b\; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;.
rpq;if rpq;fk;
1914-k; Mz;by; #uj;jpy; gpwe;J> rpq;fg;G+hpy; tho;e;j fhrpk; ,];khapy; kd;#h; ngUk; tzpfh;> NfhB];tuh;.
1915 - k; Mz;L uq;$dpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j ,e;jpag;gilapdh; gphpl;b\; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfg; Gul;rpapy; fye;J nfhs;tnjd KbT nra;jdh;. ,e;jg; gil mzpapdUf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fis toq;fp Cf;Ftpf;f Kd;te;jhh; fhrpk; ,];khapy; kd;#h;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhfg; Gul;rpahsh;fs; elj;Jk; fpsh;r;rpapy; fye;J nfhs;s rpq;fg;G+hpypUe;J Ml;fis uq;$Df;F mDg;g mth; Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. ,j;jfty; gphpl;b\; csTj; Jiwf;Fj; njhpe;J tpl;lJ. clNd ,th; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,th; kPjhd Fw;wr; rhl;il ,uhZt ePjpkd;wk; tprhhpj;J> ,tUf;Fj; J}f;Fj; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. 1915 - k; Mz;L [_d; khjk; mth; rpq;fg;G+h; rpiwr; rhiyapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa ,uhZt Kfhk;fspy; Gul;rp elj;jj; jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb> rpq;fg;G+hpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j ,e;jpaf; fhyhl;gil mzpapdh; Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;jp ,th;fsJ Gul;rpia xLf;fpdh; Mq;fpNyah;. Gul;rp gw;wp mth;fs; tprhuiz elj;jp u#Yy;yh`;> ,k;jpah]; myp> uf;Dj;jPd; Mfpa %tUNk ,g;Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W fz;L gpbj;jdh;. ,uhZt ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j %tiuAk; gyuJ Kd;dpiyapy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;Yk; gb cj;jutpl;lJ. mjd;gb ,th;fs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;l fhyhl;gil mzpf;Fj; jiyik tfpj;j RNgjhh; jz;Lfhd;> [Nkjhh; fp];bfhd; MfpNahUf;F ,uhZt ePjpkd;wk; kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jJ. 1915 k; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; 23k; Njjpad;W ,th;fs; rpq;fg;G+h; rpiwr;rhiy thrypy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
,J Xh; ,];yhkpa jkpo; jh/th FOtpd; ,izaj;jsk;